How to Do a Sedimentation Test on Soil

For studying sediments, or the sedimentary rocks made of them, geologists are very serious about their lab methods. But with a little care, you can get consistent, fairly accurate results at home for certain purposes. One very basic test is determining the mix of particle sizes in a sediment, whether thats soil, the sediment in a streambed, the grains of sandstone or a batch of material from a landscape supplier. Equipment All you really need is a quart-sized jar and a ruler with millimeters. First, make sure you can measure the height of the jars contents accurately. That might take a little ingenuity, like putting a piece of cardboard underneath the ruler so that the zero mark lines up with the floor inside the jar. (A pad of small sticky notes makes a perfect shim because you can peel off exactly enough sheets to make it precise.) Fill the jar mostly full of water and mix in a pinch of dishwasher detergent (not ordinary soap). Then youre ready to test sediment. Use no more than a half-cup of sediment for your test. Avoid sampling plant matter on the ground surface. Pull out any large pieces of plants, insects, and so on. Break up any clods with your fingers. Use a mortar and pestle, gently, if you have to. If there are only a few grains of gravel, dont worry about it. If theres a lot of gravel, remove it by straining the sediment through a coarse kitchen sieve. Ideally, you want a sieve that will pass anything smaller than 2 millimeters. Particle Sizes Sediment particles are classified as gravel if theyre larger than 2 millimeters, and if theyre between 1/16th and 2 mm, silt if theyre between 1/16th and 1/256th mm, and clay if theyre even smaller. (Heres the official grain size scale used by geologists.) This home test doesnt measure the sediment grains directly. Instead, it relies on Stokes Law, which accurately describes the speed at which particles of different sizes fall in the water. Big grains sink faster than small ones, and clay-size grains sink very slowly indeed. Testing Clean Sediments Clean sediment, like beach sand or desert soil or ballfield dirt, contains little or no organic matter. If you have this kind of material, testing is straightforward. Dump the sediment into the jar of water. The detergent in the water keeps the clay particles separate, in effect washing the dirt off the larger grains and making your measurements more accurate. Sand settles in less than a minute, silt in less than an hour and clay in a day. At that point, ​you can measure the thickness of each layer to estimate the proportions of the three fractions. Heres the most efficient way to do it. Shake the jar of water and sediment thoroughly—a full minute is plenty—set it down and leave it for 24 hours. Then measure the height of the sediment, which includes everything: sand, silt, and clay.Shake the jar again and set it down. After 40 seconds, measure the height of the sediment. This is the sand fraction.Leave the jar alone. After 30 minutes, measure the height of the sediment again. This is the sand-plus-silt fraction.With these three measurements, you have all the information needed to calculate the three fractions of your sediment. Testing Soils Soils differ from clean sediments in that they have organic matter (humus). Add a tablespoon or so of baking soda to the water. That helps this organic matter rise to the top, where you can scoop it out and measure it separately. (It usually amounts to a few percent of the total volume of the sample.) Whats left is clean sediment, which you can measure as described above. At the end, your measurements will let you calculate four fractions—organic matter, sand, silt, and clay. The three sediment size fractions will tell you what to call your soil, and the organic fraction is a sign of the soils fertility. Interpreting the Results There are several ways to interpret the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in a sediment sample. Probably the most useful for everyday life is characterizing a soil. Loam is generally the best kind of soil, consisting of an equal amount of sand and silt and a somewhat smaller amount of clay. The variations from that ideal loam are classified as sandy, silty or clayey loam. The numerical boundaries between those soil classes  and more  are shown on the USDA soil classification diagram. Geologists use other systems for their purposes, whether its surveying the mud on the seafloor or testing the ground of a construction site. Other professionals, like farm agents and groundskeepers, also use these systems. The two most commonly used in the literature are the Shepard classification and the Folk classification. Professionals use strict procedures and a range of equipment to measure sediment. Get a taste of the complexities in the U.S. Geological Survey:  Open-File Report 00-358.

How Technology Can Improve Our Own Health And Earth Health...

Introduction Ever since humans time on earth we have been adding pollutants to our air and valuable ecosystem. Different types of pollutants need specific ways to get them out of the system and so many people struggle with just finding a way to get it out, But also getting it out completely of the air is hard to figure out and having the technology and resources has been a challenging task to many. These things take time and money to create. Where to start? How about Canada where a team called Carbon Engineering is using biotechnology to create a prototype of a larger scale machine in hopes to reduce carbon pollution. Not only does it reduce the carbon in the air but it makes it reusable. What is Biotechnology? It is technology based on biology and helps improve our own health and earth health. Biotechnology is everywhere around us from foods, medicine, and manufacturing businesses. As said by the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO 2016)it is heavily used in agriculture to help the crops last longer, and fight off most things. It also helps reduce our carbon footprint which is a cause of worldwide global warming. So far the attempts to use this technology too and reduce our carbon footprint haven t been that good but still no one s stopping. Biotechnology reduces greenhouse gasses and improves ways of reducing them from industrial buildings and factories. The reduction and better usage of water are also improving to help keep freshwater sources. Without theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Our Health And Sustainability1408 Words   |  6 Pages The idea that we, as a global community, are destroying the very earth we commonly share is something that takes time for people to fully understand. It takes research and a open mind to be knowledgeable about the environmental issues the human race is causing to planet earth, as well as the issues that it is causes to our personal health. Air pollution is a large problem that exists in the United States and affects all of us. However, the challenge that we as American’s face is the inescapableRead MoreIs It Worth Our Earth, Health, And Future?1533 Words   |  7 PagesPlanets, Aliens, and Other Things Beyond Our Earth Have you ever wondered what goes beyond the Earth? There could even be another species living outside this Earth! I personally think that going to Mars would provide many benefits for us. It’s a risky project, but sometimes you just have to take risks to succeed. We are advancing in our space knowledge, but why? Although it is a very dangerous mission that could possibly end in death, we are developing technology to through with the plan. We are goingRead MoreThe World s Overpopulation Problem Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever wondered what earth would be like in the near future with over 10 billion people from 7 billion? A newspaper source from Population Peril states that there are 210,000 new people everyday and by 2050 that there will be roughly 9.6 billion people (McClatchy). How are we going to prevent the disastrous measure of pollution, diseases, extinction of resources, more poverty, people and etc.? As the world’s overpopulation problem should be changed to prevent future severe issues. First offRead MoreThe Conservation Of The Natural Resources1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Earth provides that we need to live and survive. Knowing the importance of the natural resources to human life we must be aware that natural resources cannot be replenished once they have been depleted. We need to be very cautious that some natural resources we use are more easily renewed than others (Media: 1.5 Resource, n.d.). We need to be aware that we are responsible in the use and protection of the world around us through proper conservation and sustainable practices and that our missionRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1383 Words   |  6 Pagesthan original, which occurs naturally. There are some scientific methods for producing GMOs; for instance, recombinant DNA technology and reproductive duplicating. Recombinant DNA technology involves the addition of one or more individual genes from an organism of one species into the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of another; On the other hand, reproductive duplicating technology generates descendants that are genetically identical to the parent by the transfer of an entire donor nucleus into the enucleatedRead MoreHuman Activity And The Environment877 Words   |  4 PagesThe Earth is dominated by human activity and the impact so far has been overwhelming. As a species we have changed the environment more than any other species. What drives us to do this can be blamed for success to survive and adapt in most environments. Humanity learns to take control and use the environment to benefit from the resources there. The demand for what we want and what we need to survive is bought by currency and controlled by society and politics. Science wants to create easier waysRead MoreGenetically Modified Organism ( Gmo )1477 Words   |  6 Pagesof genes than original, which occurs naturally. There are some scientific methods for producing GMOs, such as recombinant DNA technology and reproductive cloning. Recombinant DNA technology involves the insertion of one or more individual genes from an organism of one species into the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of another; On the other hand, reproductive cloning technology generates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent by the transfer of an entire donor nucleus into the enucleatedRead MorePollution Is A Major Public Health Crisis1573 Words   |  7 Pagessource to mankind an d our planet. While it exists, so does everything else along. However, in today’s epidemic, there has been certain factors that have risen to awareness whether we can the water today is beneficial or not? In other words, the health risks against water contamination have risen in the past few decades; all from what you may ask? Well, it could be for various factors and perspectives; either environmental or materialistic. Pollution is a major public health crisis in the world. (FriisRead MoreZero Carbon City : Zero Eco-City In China1001 Words   |  5 Pagesto achieve that purpose, They have implementing projects which mainly concerns the usage of advanced technology. For example, China is a country which produces huge amount of carbon dioxide emissions and is listed as a first largest emitter country. However, The usage of carbon dioxide in China is reduced moderately year by year, because China has a project focusing on modernizing eco-technology, maintaining renewable ene rgy resources, and adjusting industry structure. The world bank group isRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming941 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic I selected was that of global warming. So far, I seem to want to change my thesis everyday; but this is how it stands for the moment. Americans need to work together as well as with other nations to take immediate action to reduce our environmental footprint in efforts to reverse or cease global warming. I feel this thesis clearly states my position, as well as the point of the paper. I still want to play around with the wording, especially at the end of it. I feel that global warming is

The Important Changes of the Gilded Age Free Essays

The changes that occurred in the Gilded Age led to shaping American into the superpower and well respected international country that it is recognized as today. The most important changes were the discovery of uses of copper, the assembly line production technique and the completion of the first transcontinental railroad. The uses of copper that were introduced during the Gilded Age allowed the development of necessities of life as we know it in the United States today. We will write a custom essay sample on The Important Changes of the Gilded Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of its ability to transmit electricity and sound, it is used in telephone and telegraph systems and electric lighting – technologies that were developed and introduced during the Gilded Age. It is almost impossible to imagine what our present day lives would be like without telephones, computers and other electronic devices that evolved from the inventions that developed from the discovery of uses of copper during this great period. Henry Ford†s use of the assembly line in manufacturing the first cars in large numbers would survive and evolve to being one of the most efficient techniques of manufacturing otherwise complex and time-consuming products. The assembly line, which is still in use in many factories today, would cut the time of production and would also cut down the skills necessary to build and manufacture products. Before the assembly line, for example, a product would be crafted by a skilled person who possessed the knowledge of making the product. It would take a long time to manufacture because the manufacturing would be done alone or by a few workers. The assembly line would have a â€Å"line† of workers who would do just one function of the manufacturing process. For example, one worker would only put on a tire and that†s what that one worker would do all day long. The assembly line would, in turn, require only laborers, instead of skilled workers, to be used on the assembly line. Labor! ers would be paid much less than skilled workers and would work towards the manufacturer†s advantage. Ford†s use of this technique of labor management would allow him to make his millions quickly and efficiently. This change in focus of function instead of skill would allow efficient productivity. Without the assembly line, factories today would run more slowly and would have much smaller output than with the assembly line. Another change from the Gilded Age would be the completion and use of the first transcontinental railroad. Not only was it functionally great, but it was symbolic also. This would join the west and the east in a week†s time journey instead of taking several months. It was also a symbolic change in that the East and West were finally connected. The West would become a more accessible area for resources and settlement. This was a proud achievement of the United States also because of its own greatness in length and size. The railroads were a crucial part of the industrialization of the U.S. during this time period. They were an important part of transportation during these times. The Gilded Age gave birth to many of the corporations that exist today. The ideas, inventions and discoveries of this time were necessary for America to be where it is at today. How to cite The Important Changes of the Gilded Age, Essay examples

What To Do With Hitler Essay Example For Students

What To Do With Hitler Essay Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler, to some, was a great ruler, but to others he was a murderer. Hitler was the leader of the Nazi party and was the dictator of Germany. He ordered to have millions of Jews murdered or thrown in prisons. Adolf Hitler was born April 20, 1889, in a small town in Australia called Branuan. His dads name was Alios Hitler and was a customs official. He was 51 years old when Adolf was born. Klara Polz, Adolfs mother, was a farm girl and was 28 when Adolf was born. Klara and Alios had 6 children , but only Adolf and his sister Paula survived childhood. Adolf was a good student in elementary and got good grades. When he reached high school his studies dropped, and he dropped out of school when he was just 16 years old. In 1903 his father, Alios, died. Four years later, Hitler went to Vienna to study art, while he was away his mother, Klara, died. Hitlers hate for Jews and Slavs grew and became fiercely nationalistic. In 1913 he moved to Munich, Germany to become part of the Australian Army. The army found him physically unfit to be in the service. World War I began August 1914 and Hitler immediately signed for the Germany Army and was accepted. He served as a messenger and was decorated twice for bravery after two near death experiences. He was promoted to corporal. While recovering from an battle injury that caused temporary blindness, Germany surrendered to her enemies in November 1918. Hitler was angered and felt compelled to save Germany. In the Autumn of 1919, Hitler attended meetings of the Germany Workers Party. After joining the group and they decided to change their name to National Socialist German Workers. This party was soon known as the Nazi party. Hitler was chosen as the leader because he was a skillful politician and organizer. In 1923 German workers went on strike against the government. Germanys money value decreased to about nothing. Hitler proclaimed a Nazi revolution or a putch. While Hitler and 2,000 troops were protesting, the police shot into the crowd, killing 16 troops. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in jail. While Hitler was in jail he wrote the Mein Kamph which means My Struggle. The book revealed his beliefs and ideas for Germanys government and his plans on taking over Europe. He believed that Germans were superior humanity and Hitler wanted to keep Germany pure. He said Jews and Slavs were the evils of the world. In December 1924, Hitler was released after serving only nine months. The economys recovery was very slow, but now most people had work, homes, food, and hopes for the future. After the revolt, the government decided to outlaw the Nazi party. Hitler argued against the government to lift the law. The government later decided to lift the law. The depression hit Germany in 1930. Hitler spoke many speeches promising to get rid of the communists and other enemies. In 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany. There were two other Nazi in the cabinet, Goering and Wilhelm Frick. Through Wilhelm Frick leadership the Nazis had control of the police. Groering organized a big army and ordered them to shoot any enemies on any encounter. When the dictator, Hindenburg, died, Hitler became dictator and received full power of Germany. Hitler preferred the name Fuhrer und Reichskanzer meaning leader. With the Nazi party controlling Germany, Jews were ordered around frequently. In 1935 the Jews in Germany were declared to have lesser rights than any other citizens. Thousands of Jews decided to leave their homes. The Jews who stayed were forced into concentration camps and needed official permission to accept work, move, or even travel. Hitler set up organizations to train children military di scipline and loyalty to the country. The boys organizations was called Hitlers Youth. The girls organization was called Society of Germany Maidens. The kids were taught to spy on their families and report on anti-Nazi criticism. .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .postImageUrl , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:hover , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:visited , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:active { border:0!important; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:active , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chief and McMurphy Sample Essay Hitler began to build the army so it was ready to fight. In 1938 Hitler took over Australia and made is part of Germany. In March 1939 he took over Czechoslovakia. Later on September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland starting World War 2. Britain and France declared war two days later. Hitler took over Poland in a few weeks. By spring 1940 Hitler conquered Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, and France. In June Benito Mussolini, Italys dictator, declared war on Germany. A year later, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. The U.S. sent supplies to support the Soviet Union. Totally about 2/3 of the Jews in Europe, six million, were murde red. Hitlers victims also included Gypsies, Poles, Slavs, Jahova witnesses, priests, and ministers. People were tryig to overthrow Hitler since 1938. Hitler almost died when e found a bomb in a briefing room June 1944. In 1945 Hitler married Eva Braun. One day later Hitler and Eva both killed themselves on April 29, 1945. Seven days later Germany surrendered. In conclusion, Adolf Hitler, and an filled with an intense anger, killed millions of Jews, who in his eyes were an inferior race. Hitler desired to create a pure race, white skin, blonde hair and blue eyes. It is sad that he organized followers to destroy so many innocent lives to design what is not possible. Bibliography: Bibliography Bibliography Adolf Hitler. Microsoft Encarta 2000. 2000 Ed. Adolf Hitler. World Book. 1999 Ed. The Rise of Adolf Hitler online. Available: www.history.com/worldwr2/riseofhitler.htm 1999,Oct.21.

Supersize Me Answers free essay sample

He visited a cardiologist, gastroenterologist, and general practitioner. 2. He has very good blood levels and is very healthy. 3. His starting weigh is 84. 2 kg and his pecentage of fatness is 11%. 4. There are 83 McDonald’s in Manhattan. 5. His girlfrieng is a vegetarian coocker. 6. His first meal is a double quarter pounds with cheese (super size). 7. He feels sick with stomachacke and starts sweating after eating his first super size meal. Then he throws up the food. 8. â€Å"Toxic environment† is the one that is created by being a lot of junk food restaurants. 9. They will develop diabetes. He is getting 5. 000 calories after 5 days on the McDonald’s diet. 11. The chicken McNugets are made by mixing diferent parts of a chicken with a mass. 12. All first graders recognize Ronal McDonald. (The clown that represents the McDonald) 13. The fattest state is Texas, especifically Houston. 14. A calorie is the energy 15. He isn’t healthy because he had really high levels of cholesterol and if he doesn’t stop that diet can be very dangerous for his life, 16. We will write a custom essay sample on Supersize Me Answers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A gastic-bypass is a surgery that is made for reducing the size of the stomach and in that way, reduce the weigh of a person. They recommend him to stop the diet as soon as he can because it can be very dangerous for his life. 18. His finally weigh is 95 kg. 19. As a result of the court case, McDonal’d received two lawsuits against their food and tokk away the ‘supersize’ size. 20. I sometimes eat a pizza at home but I don’t usually buy fast food on my own. I think that fast food should be retired from the market because it has no benefits for the people that consume it because it can be extremely dangerous for their health.

The evolution essays

The evolution essays In nature evolution occurs throughout various different things. Also evolution occurs in technology. Take for instance, ATM was an evolution of frame relay, and frame relay was an evolution of packet switching. Evolution happens everywhere but in technology it happens all the time. Packet switching technology breaks down messages into fixed-length pieces called packets and sent through a network individually. In packet switching messages are segmented into packets of a pre determined size before they are sent. This process is called packetizing. The packets are normally 1000 bytes long. There is a lot of error protection in the packet. Packet switching networks are made to run several alternative high-speed paths from one node to another. For instance if a node from San Francisco is trying to send a message to Los Angeles and the connection is busy or down, it will redirect its message to Denver then to Los Angeles as an alternative route. Frame relay is packet switchings next of kin. Frame relay evolved from packet switching. Instead of sending packets frame relay sends frames. A frame has a one-byte header, two addressing and control bytes, a variable-length data field (1-64000 bytes), a 16-bit cyclic redundancy check, and a termination byte.Tcom book. In frame relay, there is hardware, on both ends of the connection that builds and breaks down frames. They do this through all kinds of data streams, LAN packets, digital voice, and asynchronous terminal input and the hardware writes the frames serially. The reason frame relay is more popular and better evolved than packet switching is that it uses commonly available circuits, which provides good throughput, and has low latency and is easy to configure. Packet switching is only good for data transferring and is sent through one type of line. Frame relay sends more information faster and through multi forms of connections. This makes packet swi ...

Differences of marketing strategy between Apple and Samsung in smart Dissertation

Differences of marketing strategy between Apple and Samsung in smart phone industry - Dissertation Example Smartphone helps the users in accessing internet based applications in a much faster manner owing to its potential of global connectivity. Further Smartphone in comparison to other mobile phones also helps its user base in applications facilitating complex computing. Existence of Smartphone has helped in enhancing the aspect of personalisation pertaining to the consumers where the user base can delete and keep a large number of mobile applications according to one’s selectivity and desire. Thus the emergence of a Smartphone has in total revolutionized and transformed the cellular communication market by enabling the user base to avail internet application anywhere and anytime. With the help of Smartphone the consumers thus tend to enjoy a large number of applications pertaining to the ambit of social networking and also internet based activities like e-mails in an enhanced fashion for which global demand for such tends to rise in an accelerated mode. Moreover usability of Smar tphone also enables the people to retrieve large amount of information relating to their surroundings and interests relating to food and restaurants, news, games and sports and others. The global market for Smartphone in comparison to normal mobile phones is found to gain a rapid acceleration despite the economic fluctuations affecting the global telecommunication devices market. A survey conducted during the period ranging from 2007 to 2010 reflects that the global market for Smartphone has gained a compounded growth rate of 4 percent. Moreover the percentage of sales in units for Smartphone has increased along the 2007 to 2010 period by a rate of 20 percent. The same percentage rise has also been located in terms of market volume growth of such along the stated periods. Focusing on such rise along the 2007 to 2010 period forecasts pertaining to the sales volume for Smartphone has been made along the period ranging from 2009 to 2015. It is observed that where during 2009 the number of Smartphone sold were 173 million the same is taken to reach around 619 million units by the close of 2015. This exponential rise in the demand for Smartphone is related more to the incorporation of 3G and Wi-Fi enabled network in the cellular gadgets thereby contributing in the enhancement of the potential of the Smartphone (Song, n.d.). The global Smartphone market is governed by leading competitors like Apple, Samsung, Motorola and Research in Motion mobile phone companies. These companies compete with each other pertaining to the Smartphone industry in terms of the emotional and rational enhancements shared with the consumers. Samsung tends to gain command over other players in the Smartphone market by working on the frontiers of innovating different models. Moreover Samsung also focuses to gain the market lead by rendering Smartphone that are affordable in terms of cost. Competing with Samsung, Apple focuses in rendering Smartph

Macro Economics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macro Economics - Coursework Example Demand curves are curves that show a relationship between the price of a product and the quantity demanded. It is shown when the values of price are plotted against the values of quantity demand. It shows what consumers are willing to buy at various prices. The demand curve has a negative slope (-5) which indicates that an increase in there is an inverse relationship between price and the quantity demanded. The demand curve therefore shows a negative relationship between the variables, which means that an increase in price causes a decrease in demanded quantity and a decrease in price causes an increase in quantity demanded. The two therefore have an inverse relationship. Increase in the income of consumers will lead to increase in demand for widgets. This is because widgets are normal goods and change in income results to a positive change to demand of normal goods. There will therefore be a shift in demand curve for widgets to the right as a result of the increased demand. The shift in the demand curve will cause to an increase in the quantity of widgets demanded at each level of price. The shift to the right will cause an increase in demand and therefore the demand value in the equation will increase with increase in income. A supply curve is a curve that shows a relationship between price and quantity supplied by the sellers. The supply curve slopes from the left to the right. This shows the direct relationship between quantity supplied and price. The slope of the supply curve has a positive value (+3.3). This indicates that there is a positive relationship between price and the quantity supplied. Price and supply are therefore directly related. Change in price of the input used to produce will result to a decrease in supply of the widgets. This will result to a shift in the supply curve upwards indicating a decrease in supply. Less quantity of the widgets will therefore be supplied at the same price levels to enable the suppliers

Insulin Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Insulin - Term Paper Example The termination of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis results to restoration of normal glucose levels in the blood. The action of insulin in the body is usually brief and the level blood sugar changes after the action of insulin subsides. Besides the control of blood sugar, production of insulin initiates a series of metabolic reactions that are mainly mediated by the changes in expression of over 100 genes in the body (O’Brien and Granner, 1117). One of the major effects of insulin in such physiological processes includes the regulation in the expression of genes that stimulate absorption of amino acids, metabolisms of lipids mainly in the muscles and adipose tissue. In addition, insulin affects the expression of genes used for growth, development and survival of somatic cells (Rhodes and White8) Alfred Sanger did the first sequencing of amino acids that make up insulin hormone in 1955 (BCBC 1). According to BCBC (1) insulin is the first protein to have its amino acid chain determined and sequenced. Moreover, the hormone is the first â€Å"peptide protein measured by radioimmunoassay technique†. In addition, insulin is the first hormone to be produced in microorganisms using recombinant DNA technology, a process that was successfully conducted in the 1970s. Since then, insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology has been used for treating diabetes, replacing earlier hormones that were produced from purification of insulin from animal species (BCBC1) Disruption of insulin synthesis in the body causes several physiological changes in the body. One of the major impacts of low glucose production is hyperglycemia, a medical condition characterized by an abnormal increase of glucose in the blood plasma (Steiner and James 42). Other effects include poor growth and development of the body. Diabetic patients

Key Elements Of Webers Idea Of Sociology Sociology Essay

Key Elements Of Webers Idea Of Sociology Sociology Essay In my essay I argue that the key element of Weberian sociology is perception of the society as a complex system of individual actions, forming up the certain blocks of social life. Understanding of the attached meaning to these actions makes possible understanding of complex social phenomena, what ends up in the understanding of the whole process of historical development of the Western civilization. From the point of view of Max Weber historical process is understandable and its main tendency of development is constant movement from irrationality to further rationality. Understanding the society and its parts was a key element of Webers sociology that is why he needed to create an effective reference frame, in order to place different social and historical phenomena in corresponding locations on the big scale of social development of humanity. Max Weber looked at the society as at a very complex system of social interconnections, which are very difficult to be clearly understood. That is why it was very important for him to break down difficult social phenomena to single social actions and their subjective meanings. Development of the theory of Ideal Type gave an opportunity for Weber to categorize social phenomena, what favored to better understanding of social processes. In my essay I would like to analyze the key elements of Webers idea of sociology. I have divided this essay into three parts. Each of the parts analyzes different dimensions of Webers key elements of sociology. The first part covers the fundamental for Webers social research ideas, such as social action, ideal type, value-freedom conception, the notion of rationality. The second part of the essay is analyzing the most important ideas of Weber on the influence of religion (particularly Protestantism) on the development of the society. The third part of the essay covers the ideas of Weber in the political sphere legitimating of power, social stratification, phenomenon of bureaucracy. Part I. General Ideas of Max Weber. Max Weber perceived the world and society as a very complex and unpredictable system. This extremely broad and difficult system of social interactions could be brought down to single social action of an actor such social action represented for Weber a basic unit of social life. From the point of view of Weber, the main goal of sociology as a science is understanding of this basic social action, and what is more important understanding of subjective meaning or intention the actor attaches to his action. The dimension of understanding is crucial in Webers sociology he even calls this science understandable sociology. According to Ray (1999) Weber was mentioning that social sciences are very different from natural sciences as the object of social sciences can not be understand from simple observation, because of complex subjective meaning of social actions. In order to understand complex social structures and the whole picture of society Weber developed an idea of so called Ideal Type which represented different social units, categories and types of behavior united by common features. These Ideal Types were a certain categorization and generalization of social structures according to Weber, they did not exist in society in such a clear and pure form, but presence of such an instrument helps to categorize the phenomena of social life. The next important idea of Weber on sociology is a concept of value-freedom, which practically means that the social scientist should not make any interference into social processes in order to make them change their development. Ray (1999) mentioned that Weber was an advocate of an idea of separation of vocation of scientist and politician Weber believed that the scientist should conduct his researches being moved away from his partisanship and affiliations. The concept of value-freedom meant warning the actors of the consequences of their actions, but not influencing them to change their behavior the scientist should observe and study social processes, and his interference into them can harm the interests of the science. It is important to notice that Weber conducted his researches in very difficult for Europe times, and very often he showed his strong political position and sometimes to persuade others in its truthfulness it is very difficult for any social scientists to be ful ly away from influencing the other people. The key tendency of social development in Webers sociology is constant development of human society from irrationality to rationality. The whole history for Weber is a process of continuous movement towards rationality, which is showed up in intention attached to basic social action. The human society is very irregular on its way to rationalism the biggest progress was achieved by the Western civilization, which became a locomotive of rationality spreading in the world. The highest stage of social development for Weber is a shift within the types of rationality from value-rationality (taking decisions on the basis of established beliefs and values not considering the consequences) to purposive rationality, when a social action is performed by an actor on the basis of his knowledge and with consideration of the consequences of this action. From the point of view of Weber, such an evolution to purposive rationality made possible further development of Western civilization establishm ent of well-functioning capitalist system and appearance of modern states and science. Part II. Religion and Society. One of the most central questions in the sociology of Weber is the questions of origins of modern Capitalist system and the question of the fate of the West (Ray, 1999). According to Ingram (1987) Weber conducted a deep research to answer the question why was it Judeo-Christian civilization, that gave birth to modern Capitalism and modern society. He compared different kinds of societies organized around major World religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism, Christianity) and tried to find the reasons for such successful development of capitalism in the West. Collins (1986) mentions that Weber could see the elements and features of capitalism and trade in all historical times and all geographical regions, but it was the West in the Middle Ages and after which gave birth to unique system of social and economic relations, unknown and impossible for any other society in the World. Webers sociology shows that modern type of Western capitalist society is a unique product of long-term evolution of Western society which could be born only in case of direct match of the long number of indicators and social tendencies. In his researches, Weber tried to name these most important factors that made possible the birth of modern capitalistic society in the West. The message of Webers Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism is often understood in such way, that it Protestantism was the only important element for the establishment of capitalism. Such understanding is far from Webers reality, as after Collins (1986) Weber perceived Protestantism as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ only the last intensification of chain of factors leading to capitalism. In other words, Protestantism is a very crucial factor for the establishment of capitalist system in Europe, but there were a number of other very important historical steps that made capitalism possible. According to Collins (1986) Weber conducted a deep research on Medieval Europe, and came to conclusion, that there were two major chains of historical conditions that enabled the development of capitalism in Europe political sphere and social networks. All these spheres were deeply influenced by religion, but were not limited to it. There were a large number of factors not connected with religion that influenced the establishment of capitalistic system Weber was talking about certain trichotomy of economic, political and cultural factors, influencing the Western society (Collins, 1986). The role of religion in general and Christianity in particular, from the Webers point of view had two dimensions. On the one hand, it is institutional role of organized religions Collins (1986) mentions that Weber paid big attention to analyzing of the Church as separate and very influential economic and bureaucratic structure, which in the Middle Ages was the only well-organized social organization in Europe. On the other hand, Weber was concentrated on the key ideas and world-view patterns of major World religions, and the interactions between those ideas with the economy. The most significant thesis of Weber is the statement that the appearance and spreading of Protestant ethics has been one of the most important factors for the establishment of capitalist system in the West. In general the role of any religion was positive for Weber as it moved people to rationalism (in this case value-rationalism). For Weber the character of Protestantism is fundamentally different from other religions that kept believers in frames of value-rationalism. Protestantism was the religion that moved people beyond the borders of value-rationalism towards purposive rationalism. Ingram (1987) says that the most important normative factor shaping consciousness of the West was Protestant work ethics. Indeed, Weber studied carefully the messages of Protestant religious doctrine, and he came to the conclusion, that it was this Protestant doctrine that became the final condition for establishment of modern capitalist system. According to Weber, the Protestant doctrine considered a man as the most important act of creation of God, what made the world to be submitted to mankind. Ray (1999) says that unlike other world religions, that were either escaping from the world or resigned themselves to their fate, Protestant doctrine aimed its followers at the world mastery. Weber stressed the role of Calvinism, and especially its doctrine of predestination. This doctrine made a significant switch of religious zeal towards secular life. That time the believer could prove himself and other people that he was selected by God to be saved in order to prove it would be enough for such a believer to achieve professional and financial success in his life. In other words, before Protestantism people were dividing secular and sacred. Ray (1999) formulated this idea in the next way: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦once sacred goals become secular. Protestants start to treat their professional activities with religious zealotry once their everyday work became a real worshipping of their Creator and an evidence of their predetermined selectiveness to salvation. Weber also stressed the Protestant conception of calling or vocation where every believer had his personal assignment in his life, prepared for him by God. It means that for such a believer diligent realization of his everyday work was a religious duty. Additionally, Protestant religious doctrine included conceptions of asceticism and strict self-discipline of a believer. The combination of all the above mentioned conceptions of behavior gave birth to a new type of human who changed the entire world ideal capitalist. According to Weber, this ideal capitalist fanatically followed the doctrines of Protestantism, realizing them in his personal and professional life. This person works very hard, achieving high level of mastery in his profession, acquires high social position and what is most important, saves large amount of resources and keeps reinvesting it. Such Protestants were seeking profits, but they did not spend their money, but became investors (Ray, 1999). It was a turning point in the final establishment of capitalist system. Schluchter (1996) says that we can mention Benjamin Franklin as an example of spiritual father of Modern Capitalism, with his message of hard work, saving and reinvesting these requirements have a reli gious value for ideal Protestant-Capitalist. Part III. Politics and Society. According to Schluchter (1996), the work Politics as Vocation helps to understand the position of Max Weber on major questions of political sphere. For Weber politics is one of the most dynamic parts of social life and political processes is a very important area for social research. Weber lived in a very difficult time for the German state, and the challenges standing before Germany found their reflection in the ideas of Weber. Collins (1986) mentions that the question of legitimacy played the central role for Max Weber. Weber pointed out three types of legitimacy of power traditional (based on the faith in legality of the model because it has always existed), rational (conscious subordination to recognized and established laws and regulations) and charismatic (belief in extra-ordinary possibilities of the leader). As the society was constantly going through evolution towards rationality, the political sphere also introducing more and more rationality. By Weber, this evolution of political sphere ended in appearance of rational bureaucracy and new type of state state where the bureaucrats do not owe the state mechanisms of influence, but are hired by citizens to perform their will. Bureaucracy for Weber is a controversial phenomenon and can be a danger for the development of the state, as bureaucrats do not effectively hold responsibility and monopolize political decisions in the society (Siedman, 1998). State represents for Weber an institution that has monopolized the legal usage of power. After Weber, responsibility should be the main requirement for a politician only people with strong vocation to politics should participate in the rule of state. Weberian politician is a person thinking about long-term goals of the society, and strictly following the interests of the state, ignoring sometimes the needs of the citizens, in order to reach larger goals. Schluchter (1996) cites Weber where he says that political communication is always filled with the spirit of war this citation shows that Weber had very realistic view on political competition. Ray (1999) touched a question of relationship between charismatic leadership and bureaucracy two struggling between each other forces. According to Weber during the process of political competition charisma is never stable when it gets the power and start owe resources it gradually turns into bureaucracy or patrimonialism (Collins, 1986). In contrast to Marx, Weber determined multiple axes of social stratification social class, status, and party affiliation of a person. These three parameters Weber called social chances of a person. According to Collins (1986) status of a person was crucial for Weber it strongly determined the social mobility, market opportunities, and other influential factors. Social class is rather economic membership of a person; status is determined by social prestige and honor, and the party affiliation is an indicator of closeness of a person to the ruling in the country political force. The views of Weber on political sphere were largely influenced by the history and situation of the German state. Weber was a strong supporter of the idea of strong middle class, and he believed that the future of Germany strongly depends on the situation of middle class (Siedman, 1998). The ideas and views of Weber have been important not only for sociology, but also for political forces in Germany during his life and after death. Conclusion. The ideas of Max Weber have influenced the sociology in a very strong way. Summing up the key elements of Webers idea of sociology, I should mention the following: 1). In Webers sociology history and social development have a deep sense, and this sense can be understood. The society is developing in a certain direction overcoming certain stages of its social advance. It is very important to find out the real sense of social development and to keep in mind that all the human history has specific mission and goals in itself. 2). Understanding of social action and social phenomena become the main goal for Webers sociology and such understanding is possible. A sociologist should move himself away for judgments of the social processes, but he should precisely observe and try to understand irrational meanings attached to individual social actions in order to understand more complex social phenomena. 3). There is a criterion that determines the progress of society on its way of historical and social development and this criterion after Weber is constant movement towards Rationality. First this movement is represented by the shift from irrationality to rationality, and the second part of this movement is shift between value-rationality to purposive-rationality. Such a purposive rationality in individual social action would give to a sociologist an opportunity to understand clearly the meaning attached to such social action, as it will not be subjective any more. 4). Ideas influence economy in a very strong way it is one of the most important key elements of sociology of Weber. After the study of major world religions, he came to the conclusion, that it was the Protestantism, which made possible final establishment of capitalist system in the West. It is religion that shapes the most fundamental world-view of the people, and in different parts of the world ideas, through religions, produced different types of the societies and economic and social relations. 5). By Weber the political sphere and the society represent a very complex and interconnected system, with multiple axes of social stratification and different patterns of power legitimization. Political sphere is a subject of social development and under certain historical conditions (as it happened in the West) it can move towards larger rationality, producing a new type of state and switching to rational type of power legitimization.

neighbors :: essays research papers

Has jealously ever made you take action in ways that you wouldn’t normally? Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in someone else’s shoes? If given the opportunity, would you step into his or her daily lifestyle? In the short story â€Å"Neighbors† by Raymond Carver, a young couple proves that the parasite of a trait, known as jealously, rarely has a happy ending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jealously by definition is a resentful, suspicious, envious feeling of the mind. This is exactly what forced the Millers to act uncivilized when given the capability to befall into the seeming less better life of someone else. Ashamed of their jealousy, the couple kept it a secret and began lying to each other. Evidently, the Millers became obsessed in becoming someone else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bill Miller wanted to experience life in a more extravagant environment. He went through the everyday tasks that his next-door neighbors, the Stones, would perform. Many of these things he wouldn’t normally do; for example, Bill stole from the Stones’ apartment in order to make him feel superior. He even became so empowered by the life of his neighbors that he began to lose track of time. Jealousy influenced Bill to metamorphosis into somebody else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arlene Miller’s jealousy also made her feel resentful towards her wealthy neighbors. She wished to have the same opportunities her friends seemed to have. As time passed, Arlene also had the itch to snoop into the secrets of their neighbor’s home. She found exactly what she was searching for, something to prove that the Stones’ didn’t live the perfect life. Ironically, due to her discovery and jealousy the unbelievable fell upon her. She realized she was locked out of her neighbor’s apartment.

What Motivate People to Vote?

What Motivate People to Vote? Voting is often inconvenient, it is personally costly. You have to take time to register and to learn about the candidates, and in the election day you may need to take time of your work to stand in long lines possibly in a bad weather , all that knowing that perhaps your vote will note make a difference among all the millions votes. So why do millions of people expend their own time, energy, and money to cast a vote that will not make any difference in the electoral outcome?According to The American Psychological Association: Psychologists and political scientist have many theories: * Some research suggests that people are motivated to vote because they want to â€Å"fit in. † Bruce Meglino, PhD, of the University of South Carolina's Moore School of Business, sees voting as an example of a behavior included in social admonitions–things people are supposed to do–such as working hard when no one's watching or helping a stranger they'l l never see again.Given that voting is an activity with more costs than benefits for the individual, Meglino thinks that highly rationally self-interested people probably don't bother to vote. * Some people, of course, vote because they believe their vote will make a difference, a psychological mechanism called the â€Å"voter's illusion. † According to a study published by Melissa Acevedo, PhD, of Westchester Community College, and Joachim Krueger, PhD, of Brown University, in  Political Psychology  (Vol. 25, No. 1). Basically, people just think their vote makes a difference, and have this mistaken belief even though statistically it's not the case,† Acevedo says. * Voting may be just plain habit for some people, according to Wendy Wood, PhD, a social psychologist at Duke University and co-director of the Social Science Research Institute. Also according to the website â€Å"Psychology today†, another reason for voting, offered by political scientists and la y individuals alike: is that it is a civic duty of every citizen in a democratic country to vote in elections.It’s not about trying to affect the electoral outcome, it’s about doing your duty as a democratic citizen by voting in elections,  they believe that voting is not just a responsibility, it is more a source of power. Another reason that people often offer for voting is â€Å"But what if everybody thought that way? †Ã‚   The reasoning goes that, if everybody thought that voting was irrational and a waste of time, nobody would vote and democracy would collapse. In this last presidential elections, Barack Obama won by 51% verse 48% for Romney.And according to the exit polls President  Barack Obama  won the Hispanic vote by a whopping margin of 71 percent to 27 percent and the Asians voted for Obama by 73-26. By cons, Romney appear as the candidate for the rich and white people, who wants to lower taxes for millionaires and relax banking regulations for Wall Street that is why he won among all voters making more than $100,000 a year by a margin of 54-44. These statistiques can be explained by the fact that Democrats are multiracial with a laissez faire attitude toward religion and spirituality.Instead, the Republicans are in general overwhelmingly white and tenaciously Christian; they are more conservative than the Democrats. As stated by The Christian Science Monitor, there are other factors that played a big role in the victory of Obama: †¢ Obama and his family remained personally popular. †¢ Obama’s status as the first African-American president. †¢ Romney never seemed comfortable discussing his career at Bain or his vast wealth, so he was always seeing as the rich white gay who can not relate to all Americans especially in those tuffs economics times. There is also the part of the role of Charisma. Romney never developed a comfortable style on the stump, in contrast with Obama’s ability to deliver rousing speeches. On the other side, and according to the â€Å"New York Times†, there were some social and economics factors that played a role in why people did choose Obama instead of Romney. Like on the matter of health care, Romney’s virulent attacks against the Obama care law, which provides healthcare to all Americans and prohibits insurers from denying coverage to people with pre-existing illnesses, drew alarm bells among most Latinos.The fact that the world’s biggest industrialized country wasn’t providing health care to 45 million people before Obama’s law was seen by many Latinos as scandalous. Or the fact that Romney’s embrace of the ultra-right wing of the Republican Party, which includes anti-immigration zealots who support show-me-your-papers laws that could turn all Hispanics into automatic suspects of being illegally in the country.

Styles and Strategies for Visual Learners

Styles and Strategies for Visual Learners Every classroom contains students with varying styles of learning. While most people can use any of the three primary styles auditory, visual and kinesthetic to learn information, their dominant style reflects their preferred form of instruction and easiest means of assimilating new knowledge. Teachers with a basic understanding of the three main styles can adapt their lessons to give all students the best chance of success. Visual Learners The typical visual learner prefers to read information in a textbook or on a whiteboard rather than listen to a lecture. Visualization techniques help them remember things. They often enjoy doodling and drawing and can use this practice as a study tool. Visual learners tend to use sight words in their everyday terminology. For example, they might say, Lets take a look at this. They easily remember details including colors and spatial arrangements, and they excel at memory games that require visual recall. They often have a good sense of direction because they can visualize maps and directions in their mind. Key Learning Methods for Visual Learners Visual learners learn best when they can see the material being taught. They follow instructions better when they can see a demonstration first, rather than just be told how to do something. Visual learners typically prefer images, maps, graphs and other visual representations to other forms of instruction. They like to read. Ways to Adapt Lessons for Visual Learners Include diagrams, mind maps, word webs, visuals and other forms of graphic organizers to help visual learners get the most from your instruction. Accompany oral instructions with a written recap before requiring students to complete an assignment. Further, avoid lecturing without accompanying notes and/or visuals. Ways for Visual Learners to Adapt Instruction to Their Style Students inevitably encounter teachers whose styles of instruction differ from their own learning preference. Visual learners can take control of their learning experience with techniques that adapt varying teaching methods to their visual strengths. For example, students can use highlighters when they review their notes, organize information into outlines and use flashcards to study for tests. Visual learners may also find that if they include images, mind maps, lists and other visual techniques in their notes, they more easily remember key information.   Other Learning Styles: Auditory Learners Kinesthetic Learners

How to Respond to a Request for a Writing Critique

How to Respond to a Request for a Writing Critique How to Respond to a Request for a Writing Critique How to Respond to a Request for a Writing Critique By Mark Nichol You’ve been asked to critique another person’s writing. Perhaps you’re in a writing group. Maybe a colleague has a novel, or a short story, or a collection of their poems, they want to share with you. Or it may be a friend, or a family member, who requests your help. Easy, right? Not at all. Your response will be based on a variety of factors. First, who, exactly, is this person making this perfectly reasonable but deceptively simple-sounding request? How well do you know them, and how comfortable are you with critiquing their writing and they with receiving the criticism? And when they asked you for your assistance, how, precisely, did they pose their request? When someone asks you, in a context outside a professional working relationship, to look over something they wrote, your first response should be, â€Å"What, precisely, would you like me to do?† Their answer will depend, of course, on both their familiarity with the critiquing process and their self-awareness. If they respond that they just want assurance that their work is readable, that they’re headed in the right direction, that the concept and the narrative are potentially appealing to a wide readership, you have it relatively easy. You’ll simply be reading the piece of writing and spending a matter of minutes sharing, in writing or in conversation, your general impressions. But you’re still confronted with the possibility that your honest answer to their question â€Å"Is it any good?† will be no. I’ll get back to that in a moment. If they ask for a more substantial review, one involving notes and/or revisions, because they know you have writing and/or editing experience and can give them guidance, make sure you mention two things: One, they must know the distinction between substantive and mechanical editing. Two, they need to understand what they’ve asked of you. Substantive editing involves reviewing a piece of writing holistically, examining its structure, pacing, and overall impact, and determining whether it is well organized or would be improved with shuffling of sentences, paragraphs, or sections. (Rare is the early draft of a piece of writing that is not improved with at least some reorganization.) A substantive editor will also make occasional notes about phrasing or word choice. Mechanical editing, by contrast, is attention to grammar, syntax, style, spelling, punctuation, and other minutiae though a limited holistic appraisal is part of the process. Once you’re confident that the difference is understood, let the supplicant know that it’s best to manage these distinct tasks in two stages, and that at this point, during the draft stage, only the substantive review will be productive. I suggested earlier that you bring up two issues. The other thing you must do is manage expectations about your commitment of time and energy. Many beginning writers haven’t acquired a perspective about how long editing takes. Make it clear that for you to do anything more than read for general impressions, in order to give the piece of writing the attention it deserves, you would expect to be able to get through only a few pages per hour. For that reason, you would like them to select a chapter from the novel or a section of the short story or a reasonably small fraction of the collected poems for you to review, and to be patient about a response. Remember that part above about me getting back to you about something? That something is honest appraisal. I’ll go into detail in another post about how to appraise, but here is a brief caution: In agreeing to critique someone’s writing, whether superficially or in depth, you are agreeing to respond truthfully about someone’s success in communicating heartfelt expression about something that means a lot to them. As obvious as that may seem to you, I suggest that your response include something like this: â€Å"Understand that no matter how good a writer you are, there will be areas for improvement, and I want to be honest with you about them so that you can become even better. I’d expect no less from you if you looked over something I’ve written. So, unless you’ve done multiple drafts and had someone do substantive editing and someone else do mechanical editing, be prepared for the fact I’m going to find things in your writing that need work. Also, it’s possible that what you’ve written may appeal to others but not to me, but if that’s the case, I’ll still try to advise you about what you can do to make it even more appealing to others.† This statement may seem unduly frank and intimidating, but I think it’s important that you say it. By stating something like this up front, you’re not implying that the writer is a fragile narcissist who will crumble at the slightest hint of criticism; you’re preparing them to get what they asked for: a candid, productive evaluation of something they’ve put a lot of time and effort into but must be prepared to work on even more before it is ready for publication, if that is their goal. And if you must forthrightly state your opinion that the writer should abandon the idea (but not their desire to share other ideas), or that the presentation is awkward or ineffective (but has potential for success if they’re willing to put a lot more work into it), you’ve done your duty, and it is the other person’s responsibility to accept your conclusions with good grace. But be sure to preface the medicine with a spoonful of sugar: Find something positive to begin your report. I’ll go into more detail about that and other appraisal techniques in a later post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict50 Idioms About Fruits and Vegetables10 Terms for the Common People

Small movie theater-Industry analysis-Competitive analysis-SWOT Research Paper

Small movie theater-Industry analysis-Competitive analysis-SWOT analysis - Research Paper Example concerned to incur expenses differencing their products and services from those of their competitors as well as keeping their prices low in order to attract customers. This will eventually lead to a decrease in the amount of revenue that these businesses fetch. Their profit margins will also be lower. The existing movie theatre industries are likely to benefit from an increase in the barriers to entry. This means that new players to the industry will find it very difficult to enter the market place. Given the analysis, it is very clear that the idea of New Vision Movie Theatre is likely to fail. Being a new player in the market place and given the expected increase in the barriers to entry, it will be very challenging for it to survive. Losses are likely to be incurred as the research industry averages for profitability are very low for a new player in the market place. Growth risk is expected to be medium over the outlook period. It is predicted that the annual industry income is likely to increase by 1.3%. This predicted rise in the growth risk is very minimal and it will be extremely challenging for new players in the market place to keep up with it. The sensitivity risk on the other hand is expected to be low as compared to the previous year in which it was medium. It is expected that the per capita disposable income rise will decrease in the coming year (IBISWorld, 2015). This means that a small movie theatre industry would be a great business idea that is likely to flourish given this kind of prediction. This is because people will be in a position to spend more on leisure activities like going to watch movies in the movie theaters. The risk factor of external competition is however expected to remain constant. This shows that people will still prefer to view movies at their homes using the available entertainment products such as cables, sat ellite television and online streaming platforms. People would prefer to watch movies at the comfort of their homes

Fine Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fine Foods - Essay Example Advertisements are placed on websites and local media and some are displayed through a company intranet. One of the best things about their policy is that they try to hire from within the company. That means that employees are familiar with the operations and the culture. However, if a company becomes to reliant on this method of hiring they will find that they rarely have new blood or ideas. It is important not to over-prioritize internal hiring as it can lead to redundant thinking and tiredness. Kudler’s training program is substantial. One of the best things about it is the 60 day buddy period which allows new employees to be supervised and gently acculturated to the company. However, 60 days is a long time to have a buddy and surely that â€Å"buddy’s† productivity will be reduced if he spends all his time with the new employee. If too many employees are hired at once, too many buddies will be spending all their time training. It’s important to keep this in mind. All payroll data is outsourced by Kudler. In some respects this is a good idea because it frees up HR resources in the company and saves a certain amount on personnel and the data system. However, one possible drawback of this method is the security of the employees data. By outsourcing the system to another company it is possible that confidentiality might be breached. No one wants that. A thread that runs through all these aspects of Kudler’s human resource management is a culture of respect for the employees. Management is a complex art. It involves a lot of angles relating to competition, performance and commitment. It also has a lot to do with competition. Kudler is hardly the only fine foods company in town and they must constantly be monitoring their competition to see how they are performing. Their prices and services change depending on the successes and failures of the competition. Training and

The Vietnam war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Vietnam war - Research Paper Example Communist rebels from the north started invading the south. These rebels were trained and armed by the northern Vietnamese government, and they came to be known as the Vietcong. It is the attack on South Vietnam that drew America to Vietnam. The American government through it’s president had promised to support all the nations that faced threats from communism. It is the sole purpose of this paper to identify the superpowers that got assisted by the Vietnam War and how the Vietnam War influenced Cold War. In the period of the Cold War, the American government fought communism in multiple places worldwide. At that time, Southern Vietnam was an area under great threat by the communist Vietcong. The American’s believed that by allowing Communists to take over the Southern part of Vietnam, other countries within that region would follow suite and become communist countries (Domino Theory) (Salem State University, 2009). Faced with this threat, President Kennedy, J.F sent mi litary advisers to assist the army of South Vietnam. It is Kennedy’s successor who started sending military ground troops to Vietnam. But as it later unfolded, the unrest and continued activism against the Vietnam War by the American Citizens saw the government withdraw American troops from Vietnam in the year 1973. Consequently, the Russians won the battle and acquired control of the South. Vietnam was later unified and become a single communist nation. The Vietnam War had an influence over the Cold War. The cold war started in the year 1962 and ended in the late 1970’s. Earlier, in the year 1949, the US had defined all the governments that were communists as being â€Å"the enemy.† After the defeat of the French in 1954, the US replaced them in Vietnam. The war became a struggle between the US, against a nation-state that was emerging (Suffolk State University, 2011). It is the Cold War that saw the US commit itself to assisting all the countries that were und er threat of communism. The Vietnam War was basically a war in which a weaker south Vietnam fought against the north Vietnam. The north Vietnamese were being assisted by China and Russia. The American’s saw this war (Vietnam War) as being a war between communists and Nationalists. The north Vietnamese were communists and the south nationalists. Therefore, the involvement of the U.S in Vietnam War was a direct outcome of the Cold War. At the end of World War Two, the Korean Peninsula was divided between the US forces that were in the south and the Soviet forces that were in the north. Each of these super powers had the intention of unifying Korea under their auspices. The Chinese joined in the war and the war between China and the United States lasted for three years. This war resulted in the growing and intensification of tensions in the Cold War. This growing tension in the Cold War forced the U.S to change its policy towards Vietnam. Russia was keen on facilitating the spre ad of communism in Asia. Together with China, Russia supplied arms to northern Vietnam. The arms were delivered to a group of rebels who later attacked South Vietnam. The United States moved in to support the South fight against the communist north. This scenario overtly shows that the Vietnam War was a war of superpowers. The super powers were fighting a cold war that was due to their different ideologies. Each of the super powers had the intention of introducing her ideologies to other countries. For example, Vietnam was divided into two and each super power

Hals Hardware Essay Example for Free

Hals Hardware Essay Hal’s Hardware Inc. s regional, therefore they only have stores (14 of them) in three states. This scope of customers is a weakness because of their competitors such as Home Depot and Lowe’s are not regional Franchise Hardware Stores. Hal’s Hardware Inc. doesn’t have a good business process to deal with a national scale demand. The size of the products that can be delivered directly to the customer is also limited. Hal’s Hardware Inc. can adapt to an online website filled with the items they sell because all of they have a database of all their items they ever had. Hal’s Hardware Inc. will be able to expand their stores as well as apply their demonstrations online, have accessibility, and a will adopt new ways means of attracting customers. Convenience to the customers is especially possible to provide due to the ‘order online and pick-up in-store’ idea. Hal’s Hardware Inc. , if developing an e-commerce, will have to consider the factors of their decision. They will be facing immense competitions from larger Hardware industries and e-commerce Businesses who in which has a higher area profile, a vast scope of customers. With other e-commerce Businesses, the threat of losing manufacturing companies from selling via Hal’s Hardware Inc. , and directly selling their products online using e-commerce sites such as Amazon, and other sites with a wide target client coverage. There are numerous additions that the company may resort to in order to remain strong amidst other competitors. Hal’s Hardware can make use of the aspect of community and service that they’ve developed in-store and apply it on their website. This can be done in various ways. First, wanted ads from constructors should have a place on the website. From these projects, the web site could suggest tools and materials which would bring the attention of customers to certain items by showing how they can be used. Second, website could also be host for methods of instruction. In the store and tool demonstrations already occur. Online, the instruction manuals that they give out in store could be uploaded, for example. There could also be videos of the tool demonstrations to help online customers see the products in action. Third, seminars and workshops may be accessible online. Fourth, customers should be allowed to submit reviews of products that they’ve purchased either online or in-store. Moreover, schedules of seminars and workshops should be available online in order to advertise store events and draw in more people both to the website and to the store. With regard to their purchasing process, Hal’s Hardware should implement a way by which customers can find the store nearest to them prior to completing a transaction. Seeing as some items cannot be delivered directly to the customer due the size of the product and its effect on the price of shipping, the company should consider giving the customer the option of hipping their orders to their home or to a store. To go along with this, solid return and warranty policies should be constructed in order to cater customer satisfaction. To address areas in which their stock and resources are lacking, the company may make use of the site to post advertisements for manufacturers and distributors wh o would like to have their products or resources available in the store. Otherwise, the existence of a database will be a great help in forming the website. Stock will likely be updated as much as possible as the current database is changed in real-time. The amount of stock and location of products are already integrated into the current system. Both elements are incredibly useful to online customers. Overall, the website should focus on forming a good relationship between the company and the customers. The community atmosphere should translate to the website. The tight-knit nature of HHI’s customer community isn’t usually present in large chain stores. If the website contains features that nurture this, then it has a standing chance against its competitors.

The Theoretical Studies Of Organizational Culture Commerce Essay

The Theoretical Studies Of Organizational Culture Commerce Essay The term culture has been used by anthropologists to refer to the customs and rituals that societies develop over the history. It has also been used by some organizational researchers and managers to refer to the climate and practices that organizations build up around the espoused values and credo of an organization. ( Edgar H. Schein,organizational culture and leadership p7). (Hofstede et al. 1990) define Culture as holistic and that involves a larger group of individuals. He asserts that Culture is historically related; it is an emergent phenomenon and is conveyed through traditions and customs and that people tend to hold on to their ideas, values and traditions. Culture is not something inherent but learned and it is human made. It is shared by a group of people. Culture is build upon interactions between people, who are sharing values and beliefs to produce behavioral norms. According to Trompenaars (2003: 26) Culture is necessary for human, it is like a guide. The culture allows to the human to have norms and valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the culture plays an important role in business. Culture is learnt and passed on from generation to generation; it belongs to one group in particular and it influences the behavior of group members in uniform and predictable ways (Mead 1998, p.4) A culture is a powerful determinant of group behavior and is setted up by the way employees work and behaves in the work place. Culture is considered a powerful, enduring and pervasive influence on human behavior through the socialization process within a culture individuals learn the norms and expectations of membership of that society the right and wrong of doing things. (Cartwright and cooper,1992). The culture concept is not only deep but also wide and complex (Schein, 1992). The onion diagram: According to Hofstede (2001) culture appear in numerous levels of depth such as symbols, heroes, rituals, and values. The first three layers, symbols, heroes, and rituals represent the layers of culture that are visible to outsiders. These are the practices of a given culture but their cultural meaning may not be obvious to those who are not a part of that culture hofstede(2001 10:8). Symbols are words, gestures, pictures and objects that hold a particular meaning only recognizable by people who share the same culture. The words in a language or jargon belong to this category, as do dress, hairstyles. New symbols are easily developed and old ones disappear (Hofstede, 2001). Heroes are persons, alive or dead, real or imaginary, who possess characteristics which are highly prized in a certain culture, and who serve as models for behavior (Hofstede, 2001). Rituals are collective activities, technically superfluous in reaching desired ends, but within a culture are considered as socially essential. Rituals are also ways of greeting and paying respects to others, together with social and religious ceremonies for example (Hofstede, 2001). Symbols, heroes, rituals are considered as practices. The core of culture is formed by values. Values are broad tendencies to prefer certain states of affairs over others. Values are feelings with an arrow on it: they have a plus and a minus side (Hofstede, 2001). They deal with evil vs. good, dirty vs. clean, ugly vs. beautiful, abnormal vs. normal, irrational vs. rational, etc (Hofstede, 2001). Values are one of the first things that children learn unconsciously and implicitly. Because they were acquired early, many values remain unconscious to those who hold them. as a result, they cannot be discussed nor can they be directly observed by outsiders , They can only be inferred from the way people act under various circumstances (Hofstede, 2001). Definition of corporate culture: The concepts of organizational culture and corporate culture can be debated to hold opposing views although the concepts often are used interchangeable in literature. A plethora of definitions of corporate culture exist in the organizational theory literature. Anthropologists have proposed at least 164 different definitions of culture (Howard, 1998). Although all the theorists believe in the importance of the culture in the organizational studies but Very little consensus exists with regard to a general theory (Sorensen, 2002). There is still no Generally agreed definition of the concept or dominant point of view itself but rather a richer mixture of ideas and approaches. The study of organizational culture indicate the way people are living and working together. Nahavandi and Malekzadeh (1998:80) state that culture is the beliefs and assumption shared by members of an organization. The term culture is often used as if companies do have only one culture, but in reality most companies do have more than one set of culture. Similarly, Krystek (1992) confirms that there are different cultures in different parts of an organization. Alike, Buono Bowditch (1989) assert that in most big companies, there is more than one unified corporate culture. In other words, the organizational culture affects practically all aspects of organizational life (Buono 2002; Cartwright Cooper, 1996). Barney(1986) define culture asa complex set of values, beliefs, assumptions, and symbols that define the way in which a firm conducts its business. Harrison and Stokes (1992) describe  «culture is to an organization what personality is to an individual. It is that distinctive constellation of beliefs, values, work styles and relationships that distinguish one organization from another. OReilly and Chatman (1996, p.166) define organizational culture as a set of norms and values that are widely shared and strongly held throughout the organization. Values define what is important and norms define appropriate attitudes and behaviors for organizational members. OReilly and Chatman (1996, p.160). Sadri and Lees (2001, p.853) states that the corporate culture originates from the fact that the individuals inside an organization have different ethnical or social backgrounds. Inside an organization they together build up norms and rules which results in a corporate culture. Schein (1988, p.9-10) emphasize that in a company where there are only one or a few individuals in the organization they create the organizational culture solitary on their own beliefs. In larger organizations the culture is heavily depending on the originator or the stronger people inside the organization, often people who have worked there for a long time or management. A quotation from Lee, Kim and Yu (2004, p.340) illustrate the corporate culture, a common expression used for describing a particular work practice inside an organization. The way we do things around here. The culture does not only consist of one assumption or one belief, the culture is constructed by all the common assumptions and beliefs which the members of the organization have. (Hatch, 1997, p.213 and Schein 1988, p.9-10) According to Edgar Schein(1992), a noted MIT Professor of Management, researcher and author in the area of organizational culture defines culture in his classic book: organizational culture and a leadership as a pattern of shared basic assumptions, invented or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with the problems of external adaption and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore is taught to new members of the group as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems. Furthermore, he define that cultures inside organizations consist of three different levels, assumptions, values and artifacts. According to (Hatch.1997, p.210) these three levels affect and describe the culture inside an organization: Artifacts The artifacts are the tangible things which the organizational members have constructed (Hatch, 1997, p.216). Artifacts are the visible elements in a culture. It is important to know that although the Artifacts are tangible and can be easily discerned but are hard to understand by people not part of the culture. They are at the outer limit of the culture and therefore easy to misinterpret, as they often are individuals reflections of the assumptions, they do not have to represent the core of the culture (Hatch, 1997, p.217 Schein, 1988, p.11). Artifacts can be dress codes, furniture Through a process of realization, artifacts take on the symbolic meaning of the organizations values, work climate, work processes, etc. Espoused values   Espoused values are the second level which affects the organizational culture, it consists of the social principles and goals set by members of the group. The values could be represented by the philosophies, democracy, tradition or other principles which the members endorse of or believe in. (Hatch, 1997, p.214 Schein 1988 p.9) Norms are a part of values, and these are the unwritten rules which exist in the organization. The norms express what is expected from the members and how they should behave in certain situations. The values are an extension from the assumptions, and make the culture more alive (Hatch, 1997, p.216 Schein 1988, p17) Assumptions   Schein (1988, p.9-10) claims that assumptions are the ground and core of the organizational culture, which could be seen as the beliefs inside an organization. The assumption represents the reality which the members inside the organization accept as true and what they perceive as important. This constructs the truth which permeates trough the organization .They are difficult to discern because they exist at a largely unconscious level. (Hatch, 1997, p.217) claims that the assumptions affect all the other levels. Members from the organization create values and artifacts which symbolizes the cultural core as they are based on the organizations assumptions. Smircich (1983) covers the same ground as Schein, but in five stages. Lees (2003) has adapted the theories from Schein and Smircich and conducted a model of culture that is especially relevant for mergers and acquisitions (see table 2-1). Following the viewing of the different definitions of corporate culture, we can sum up that corporate culture is a philosophy or norms that guide an organizations policy or the climate in which members of that organization act together and work together. Corporate culture in merger: Organizational culture is an important aspect in shaping individuals commitment, productivity, and longevity with the organization (OReilly, Chatman Caldwell, 1991). An organizations culture helps to shape and determine the manner of conduct by the members and the practices inside the organization that lead to success. it can be considered as a driver of workforce behavior. It has a significant impact on the way employee feel, think, act and make decision. In todays business world, corporate culture has a high influence and become an important issue in organization because its play a vital role in the success and achievement of goals that why it is important not to ignore or neglect it while planning and executing mergers and acquisition . The concept of corporate culture must be understood in order to allow managers to describe and understand any organization and keep staff company together to achieve its organizational goals and objectives. An effective corporate culture is a remarkable competitive advantage and the key to organizational effectiveness in MA. Organizations that strongly align their organizational culture to maintain their business strategies have a tendency to outperform those organizations whose strategy and culture are not aligned. The corporate culture is perceived when companies merge can be compared to what culture is to an organization what personality is to an individual. When two dissimilar organizational cultures are brought together typically the case in mergers and acquisitions we can expect only two outcomes: it will produce discomfort and end up with a cultural clash or both cultures will fit each other under the umbrella of one unifying culture. Strong culture Robbins, S. P., (1998) defined a strong culture is one that is internally consistent, is widely shared, and makes it clear what it expects and how it wishes people to behave. Kaufman, (2002) stated that a positive organizational culture reinforces the core beliefs and behaviors that a leader desires while weakening the values and actions the leader rejects. Peters and Waterman (1982) indicates that a negative culture becomes toxic, poisoning the life of the organization and hindering any future potential for growth Strong culture exist where employee react to incentive because of their alignment to organizational values. on the contrary, there is a Weak Culture where there is little alignment with organizational values and control must be exercised through extensive procedures and bureaucracy. Kilmann, Saxton, and Serpa, (1986) defined strong cultures as those where organization members place pressure on other members to adhere to norms. Byrne, (2002) indicates that a strong organizational culture will exert more influence on employees than a weak one. If the culture is strong and supports high ethical standards, it should have a very powerful and positive influence on employee behaviour. the corporate culture is divided into strong culture and weak culture. Strong culture takes place in organization where staff responds to stimulus because of their alignment to organizational values. Certainly, strong organizational cultures are those where the core values of the dominant culture are strongly believed by the great majority of organizational members. On the contrary, weak culture exists where there is little alignment with organizational values and where the control must be exercised through extensive procedures and bureaucracy. Strong cultures in which the key values are deeply held and widely shared have a greater influence on employees than the weak cultures. The more employees accept the organizations key values, the greater is their commitment to those values and the stronger the culture is. Strong culture vs weak culture Quantitative analysis has shown that firms with strong cultures outperform firms with weak cultures by facilitating coordination and control, emphasising common goals and increasing employees efforts (Kotter and Heskett, 1992; Gordon and DiTomaso, 1992). a strong culture enhances an organizations ability to execute its strategy (Tushman and OReilly, 1997). In an organization with strong culture, employees are more prepared to take responsibility and fulfill their mission within the organization with enthusiasm. Strong organizational culture serves to provide group members with a way of giving meaning to their daily lives, setting guidelines and rules for how to behave. ( Schein, 1991, p. 15. ) The types of corporate culture Four types of organizational culture were proposed by Harrison (1972) and used in Cartwright and Cooper (1992) work. The Understanding of an organizations culture permits to identify cultures and classify them by making comparative overview. The type of corporate culture classify organizations by a set of characteristics that describe how employee interact with each other ;what are incentive and rewarding system that motivated the workers to furnish their commitment and output in order to attain the underlined goals . Type 1: Power culture. It is characterized by the concentration of power in the hand of a single or small group of individuals (the president, the founder, a key of manager) .in this type of culture, Culture is autocratic and control is the key element and it is common in small entrepreneurial organizations or family tradition business. Reward systems are often inequitable as they are influenced by personal preferences. Employees are motivated by feelings and a sense of personal of loyalty towards their boss or owner because Power cultures tend to have inequitable compensation systems and other benefits based on favoritism and loyalty, as well as performance. Employee demonstrated their loyalty seeking the reward due to out a fear of punishment. Decisions are centralized around one key individual element and tend to be based on hunches and past successes as on logical way of thinking. Type 2: Role culture. Today this type of culture is common in almost organizations. Culture is highly autocratic and it is based on logic, rationality and search of effectiveness. There is an obvious division and specialization of Labor and the culture is results-oriented. The procedures and regulations are clearly defined. Organizations are split into various functions and each person within the function is giving a particular role that has to be executed. This type of culture tends to be inflexible and slow to change due to the high degree of formalization. This culture can be experienced by employees as impersonal and frustrating. Type 3: Task/achievement cultures. Emphasize on the accomplishment of the task and problem solving with success being judged on the achievement. The culture is team-oriented as individuals are gathered around and committed to work in teams for a specific task. The structure is active and flexible depending on the given task . Employees are flexible, creative, and highly autonomous. Employees are respected for their knowledge and valuable skills rather of their hierarchical seniority. People tend to be creative and the working environment is generally satisfying. Type 4: Person/support culture. It is characterized by egalitarianism. Person cultures are commonly found in charities or nonprofit organizations. Organizations with a person/support culture have minimal structure and decision making is carried out on a shared collective opinions. The managerial style is supportive and quick to respond to individual needs. Furthermore, information is shared collectively. Decision-making occurs after discussion of all involved members and with their consensus. Organizational versus National Culture   The purpose of this paper is to examine what is the difference between national and organizational culture and how they are related to each other? What is appropriate in one national setting is wholly offensive in another.   What is rational in one national setting is wholly irrational in another.   And, corporate culture never trumps national culture.  Dr. Geert Hofstede In this part, we focus an insight regarding the cultural aspect of mergers and Acquisitions and to identify the role and the differences between national cultures and corporate culture. Due to the globalization and international trade, many mergers and acquisitions are now crossborder, which imply to give a lot of attention to national cultures that differ from country to another. After an MA transaction, many acquired companies experience many cultural issues possibly because their employees do not like the acquiring companys way of doing thing. Lees (2003) claim that corporate culture is seen as a subculture of the national culture with visible points of distinctiveness and large parts of invisible similarities. Therefore, the organizational culture is divided into the organizational climate (as superficial part) and the national culture (the deep culture part). National culture can be noticed in human interactions and organizations, whereas corporate culture can be related to the environment of business organizations. The common values, customs, practices and behaviors of people groups differ widely between countries; therefore employees bring their cultural inheritance inside the company. All this components that exist outside the company, in the national culture, exist also inside the company as well. Additionally, in cross borders MA the culture of the company reveal peoples values and beliefs, which found its basis in the national culture. Organizations are small and tiny entity with a distinct structure including a set of basic norms, values and assumptions, which are reflected in a variety of patterns of actions by employee and subcultures of the wide national culture. There are different subcultures in one culture. According to Lees (2003), the best manner to make a difference between national and organizational culture is through sorting out organizational culture as subculture of national culture. Researchers often consider organizational culture as the micro context and national culture as the macro-context in which employees operate. In the same way, Hofstede et al. (1990) state that organizational cultures should be distinguished from national cultures; others assert that national culture must be consider along with corporate culture (Scott and Meyer, 1994; Sagiv and Schwartz, 2007; Dickson et al., 2000). The prevailing judgment in researches has been leaded by cross-national comparison based on the hypothesis that culture is principally equivalent to nation. The observations of Nancy Adler (1983 International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior) drive out the myth that organizational culture can Moderate or even erase the influence of national culture; a faith often found within large global corporations and concluded that national culture outweighs organizational culture.   (Lees, 2003:269) affirm: To really understand the organizational culture in a foreign target, acquirers first need to Understand the national culture . According Dr. Geert Hofstede, there are differences between national and organizational cultures. -The national culture is related to our deeply held values regarding and change slowly over the course of generations.    -in contrast, Organizational culture is comprised of broad guidelines which are rooted in organizational practices learned on the job.   The difference between national and organizational cultures is that the differences between national cultures are mainly found in the values of the different cultures, whereas differences between corporate cultures are mainly found in the practices between different companies. (Hofstede, 1991) Some authors as Hellriegel Slocum (1993), and Schein (1999) state that corporate culture is a system of shared values and beliefs that are common to the members of an organization. Hofstede (1997) argues that the core of organizational culture is not values, which he attributes to national culture, but shared perceptions of daily practices because an organization is not a nation. The main difference between organizational and national cultures is the role that manifestation of culture, presented in the onionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ diagram as practices, play in each level (Hofstede, 1997) because Values are acquired early in the life, from family, school, surrounding environment. Practices are learned later, when already as an adult people start working (Hofstede, 1997). In the process of merger and acquisition, what is often disregarded and underestimate is that the differences between cultures may create managerial challenges for the new entity mingling employee from different cultures. For example in the merger, people from different cultural backgrounds and national cultures can be socialized into the culture of the merged company, and therefore follow the corporate culture, but if the corporate values are contradictory and counter the national cultural values, employees will be resisting the companys corporate culture. Since the corporate culture is argued to be deeply embedded in the organizations history and in the behaviour of the employees, corporate culture creates difficulties when implementing change in MA (Lees, 2003). Melewar and Wooldridge (2001) argue that corporate culture cannot be easily manipulated. Laurent (1986, in Weber et al., 1996), on the other hand, argues that it is possible to change artefacts and values and beliefs, but it is not possible to affect the underlying assumptions because they are derived from ones national culture. However, researchers have demonstrated that organizational and national cultures are different constructs with distinct contents and influences (e.g., Bartunek, 1984; Hofstede et al., 1990; Sackmann, 1992; Chatman and Jehn, 1994; Numic, 2008). (Hofstede et al., 1990) found evidence for this in a study conducted across 20 Danish and Dutch organisational units ,His research showed that organizational cultures differ mainly at the levels of symbols, heroes and rituals. This stream of literature recommends distinguishing between national culture and organizational culture. Finally, National culture can be seen as one of the most Influential factors that determine organizational phenomena. The company corporate culture reflects to a large extent the national culture of which the company is part (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003). Hence, The differences between corporate and national cultures can lead to cultural clashes . National culture: Merger and acquisition join two companies reflecting two different national cultures. Many differences can be established between national cultures because those cultures are shaped by common experiences, beliefs and organizations, national values and orientations In MA, national culture is more apparent to strangers because local people are not conscious of their own culture And employees are not willing to change their ways of doing things. Thats why its essential for the acquiring company to understand the national culture of its target because it will be helpful during the acquisition while the acquirer have to plan the integration as well as shaping the corporate culture together (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003). The culture of a nation where a company is set up influence many business variables For example differences in the organizational structure and coordination, career and reward system. People carry their cultures, ways of thinking and behaving, with them into the work place (Hofstede, 1997). The ways in which a firm typically deals with aspects of organizing its business activities vary significantly in different countries and these variations have been shown to be in direct association with national cultural distance between organizations in different countries (Hofstede, 1997). Kogut and Singh (1988) define national cultural distance as the degree to which cultural norms in one country are different from those in another country. A landmark in the research of national culture, and cultural differences, is Hofstedes (1980) work on comparative culture, where he conducted a field survey of over 116 000 IBM employees across 40 countries. Hofstedes theory on national cultures Hofstede (1980:21) defines culture as collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another and proposes that cultural differences between nations can be described and differentiated along five dimensions. Hofstede (2001) created a model through a study in 50 countries, which depicts five dimensions of cultures. This model emphasizes power distance, uncertainty, avoidance, masculinity and individualism. (Salter, LewisValdes2004, Phatak et al 2005, GerhartFang 2005,ArdichviliKuchinke 2002) Power Distance The first dimension relates to the degree of equality/inequality between people in the society. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally (Hofstede, 2005, p46). Hofstede (1997) argues however, that Power and inequality are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others. Some countries differ in the way it handles inequality. In the power distance index (PDI) a high score suggests that there is a large power distance between subordinates and bosses in organizations. A low score, on the other hand, indicates small power distance and that there is a limited dependence of subordinates on bosses (Hofstede, 1997).In lower power distance the superiors are more approachable while in higher power distance there is a emotional distance between subordinates an d bosses. Individualism versus Collectivism The second dimension focuses on the degree to which a society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. Individualism is in societies in which the ties between individuals are loose it refers to the extent to which everyone is expected to look after himself and his immediate family. Collectivism, is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups refers to the group societies in which people from birth and onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive ingroups, which throughout peoples lifetime continue to protect the in exchange for unquestioned loyalty (Hofstede, 1997:51). As an example management in an individualistic society is the management of individuals. If incentives for example are given these should be linked to an individuals performance, not to the group as in a collectivistic society (Hofstede,1997). Masculinity-Femininity This dimension regards the degree of importance of relationships versus tasks(op citp.119). Hofstede (1997:82-83) argues that masculinity pertains to societies in which social gender roles are clearly distinct and femininity pertains to societies in which social gender roles overlap. In masculine societies, recognition, advancement and a challenging work are the factors Hofstede (1980) finds to be the most important. Whereas having a good working relationship with your superior, cooperation, employment security and to live in a desirable area are the most important factors for feminist societies (Hofstede, 1980). This dimension pertains to the degree societies reinforce, or do not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power. A high Masculinity score indicates that a country experiences a higher degree of gender differentiation. In such cultures, males tend to dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure. A low Masculinity score means a society has a lower level of differentiation and inequity between genders. In these cultures, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society. Uncertainty Avoidance The fourth dimension Hofstede (1980) investigated concerns the tolerance of ambiguity in different societies. He refers to it as uncertainty avoidance which can be defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations (Hofstede, 2005p.167). One of the key differences between weak and strong uncertainty avoidance is the establishments of law and rules, where cultures with weak uncertainty avoidance have few and general la