How to Do a Sedimentation Test on Soil

For studying sediments, or the sedimentary rocks made of them, geologists are very serious about their lab methods. But with a little care, you can get consistent, fairly accurate results at home for certain purposes. One very basic test is determining the mix of particle sizes in a sediment, whether thats soil, the sediment in a streambed, the grains of sandstone or a batch of material from a landscape supplier. Equipment All you really need is a quart-sized jar and a ruler with millimeters. First, make sure you can measure the height of the jars contents accurately. That might take a little ingenuity, like putting a piece of cardboard underneath the ruler so that the zero mark lines up with the floor inside the jar. (A pad of small sticky notes makes a perfect shim because you can peel off exactly enough sheets to make it precise.) Fill the jar mostly full of water and mix in a pinch of dishwasher detergent (not ordinary soap). Then youre ready to test sediment. Use no more than a half-cup of sediment for your test. Avoid sampling plant matter on the ground surface. Pull out any large pieces of plants, insects, and so on. Break up any clods with your fingers. Use a mortar and pestle, gently, if you have to. If there are only a few grains of gravel, dont worry about it. If theres a lot of gravel, remove it by straining the sediment through a coarse kitchen sieve. Ideally, you want a sieve that will pass anything smaller than 2 millimeters. Particle Sizes Sediment particles are classified as gravel if theyre larger than 2 millimeters, and if theyre between 1/16th and 2 mm, silt if theyre between 1/16th and 1/256th mm, and clay if theyre even smaller. (Heres the official grain size scale used by geologists.) This home test doesnt measure the sediment grains directly. Instead, it relies on Stokes Law, which accurately describes the speed at which particles of different sizes fall in the water. Big grains sink faster than small ones, and clay-size grains sink very slowly indeed. Testing Clean Sediments Clean sediment, like beach sand or desert soil or ballfield dirt, contains little or no organic matter. If you have this kind of material, testing is straightforward. Dump the sediment into the jar of water. The detergent in the water keeps the clay particles separate, in effect washing the dirt off the larger grains and making your measurements more accurate. Sand settles in less than a minute, silt in less than an hour and clay in a day. At that point, ​you can measure the thickness of each layer to estimate the proportions of the three fractions. Heres the most efficient way to do it. Shake the jar of water and sediment thoroughly—a full minute is plenty—set it down and leave it for 24 hours. Then measure the height of the sediment, which includes everything: sand, silt, and clay.Shake the jar again and set it down. After 40 seconds, measure the height of the sediment. This is the sand fraction.Leave the jar alone. After 30 minutes, measure the height of the sediment again. This is the sand-plus-silt fraction.With these three measurements, you have all the information needed to calculate the three fractions of your sediment. Testing Soils Soils differ from clean sediments in that they have organic matter (humus). Add a tablespoon or so of baking soda to the water. That helps this organic matter rise to the top, where you can scoop it out and measure it separately. (It usually amounts to a few percent of the total volume of the sample.) Whats left is clean sediment, which you can measure as described above. At the end, your measurements will let you calculate four fractions—organic matter, sand, silt, and clay. The three sediment size fractions will tell you what to call your soil, and the organic fraction is a sign of the soils fertility. Interpreting the Results There are several ways to interpret the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in a sediment sample. Probably the most useful for everyday life is characterizing a soil. Loam is generally the best kind of soil, consisting of an equal amount of sand and silt and a somewhat smaller amount of clay. The variations from that ideal loam are classified as sandy, silty or clayey loam. The numerical boundaries between those soil classes  and more  are shown on the USDA soil classification diagram. Geologists use other systems for their purposes, whether its surveying the mud on the seafloor or testing the ground of a construction site. Other professionals, like farm agents and groundskeepers, also use these systems. The two most commonly used in the literature are the Shepard classification and the Folk classification. Professionals use strict procedures and a range of equipment to measure sediment. Get a taste of the complexities in the U.S. Geological Survey:  Open-File Report 00-358.

How Technology Can Improve Our Own Health And Earth Health...

Introduction Ever since humans time on earth we have been adding pollutants to our air and valuable ecosystem. Different types of pollutants need specific ways to get them out of the system and so many people struggle with just finding a way to get it out, But also getting it out completely of the air is hard to figure out and having the technology and resources has been a challenging task to many. These things take time and money to create. Where to start? How about Canada where a team called Carbon Engineering is using biotechnology to create a prototype of a larger scale machine in hopes to reduce carbon pollution. Not only does it reduce the carbon in the air but it makes it reusable. What is Biotechnology? It is technology based on biology and helps improve our own health and earth health. Biotechnology is everywhere around us from foods, medicine, and manufacturing businesses. As said by the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO 2016)it is heavily used in agriculture to help the crops last longer, and fight off most things. It also helps reduce our carbon footprint which is a cause of worldwide global warming. So far the attempts to use this technology too and reduce our carbon footprint haven t been that good but still no one s stopping. Biotechnology reduces greenhouse gasses and improves ways of reducing them from industrial buildings and factories. The reduction and better usage of water are also improving to help keep freshwater sources. Without theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Our Health And Sustainability1408 Words   |  6 Pages The idea that we, as a global community, are destroying the very earth we commonly share is something that takes time for people to fully understand. 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We need to be aware that we are responsible in the use and protection of the world around us through proper conservation and sustainable practices and that our missionRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1383 Words   |  6 Pagesthan original, which occurs naturally. There are some scientific methods for producing GMOs; for instance, recombinant DNA technology and reproductive duplicating. Recombinant DNA technology involves the addition of one or more individual genes from an organism of one species into the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of another; On the other hand, reproductive duplicating technology generates descendants that are genetically identical to the parent by the transfer of an entire donor nucleus into the enucleatedRead MoreHuman Activity And The Environment877 Words   |  4 PagesThe Earth is dominated by human activity and the impact so far has been overwhelming. As a species we have changed the environment more than any other species. 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The Important Changes of the Gilded Age Free Essays

The changes that occurred in the Gilded Age led to shaping American into the superpower and well respected international country that it is recognized as today. The most important changes were the discovery of uses of copper, the assembly line production technique and the completion of the first transcontinental railroad. The uses of copper that were introduced during the Gilded Age allowed the development of necessities of life as we know it in the United States today. We will write a custom essay sample on The Important Changes of the Gilded Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of its ability to transmit electricity and sound, it is used in telephone and telegraph systems and electric lighting – technologies that were developed and introduced during the Gilded Age. It is almost impossible to imagine what our present day lives would be like without telephones, computers and other electronic devices that evolved from the inventions that developed from the discovery of uses of copper during this great period. Henry Ford†s use of the assembly line in manufacturing the first cars in large numbers would survive and evolve to being one of the most efficient techniques of manufacturing otherwise complex and time-consuming products. The assembly line, which is still in use in many factories today, would cut the time of production and would also cut down the skills necessary to build and manufacture products. Before the assembly line, for example, a product would be crafted by a skilled person who possessed the knowledge of making the product. It would take a long time to manufacture because the manufacturing would be done alone or by a few workers. The assembly line would have a â€Å"line† of workers who would do just one function of the manufacturing process. For example, one worker would only put on a tire and that†s what that one worker would do all day long. The assembly line would, in turn, require only laborers, instead of skilled workers, to be used on the assembly line. Labor! ers would be paid much less than skilled workers and would work towards the manufacturer†s advantage. Ford†s use of this technique of labor management would allow him to make his millions quickly and efficiently. This change in focus of function instead of skill would allow efficient productivity. Without the assembly line, factories today would run more slowly and would have much smaller output than with the assembly line. Another change from the Gilded Age would be the completion and use of the first transcontinental railroad. Not only was it functionally great, but it was symbolic also. This would join the west and the east in a week†s time journey instead of taking several months. It was also a symbolic change in that the East and West were finally connected. The West would become a more accessible area for resources and settlement. This was a proud achievement of the United States also because of its own greatness in length and size. The railroads were a crucial part of the industrialization of the U.S. during this time period. They were an important part of transportation during these times. The Gilded Age gave birth to many of the corporations that exist today. The ideas, inventions and discoveries of this time were necessary for America to be where it is at today. How to cite The Important Changes of the Gilded Age, Essay examples

What To Do With Hitler Essay Example For Students

What To Do With Hitler Essay Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler, to some, was a great ruler, but to others he was a murderer. Hitler was the leader of the Nazi party and was the dictator of Germany. He ordered to have millions of Jews murdered or thrown in prisons. Adolf Hitler was born April 20, 1889, in a small town in Australia called Branuan. His dads name was Alios Hitler and was a customs official. He was 51 years old when Adolf was born. Klara Polz, Adolfs mother, was a farm girl and was 28 when Adolf was born. Klara and Alios had 6 children , but only Adolf and his sister Paula survived childhood. Adolf was a good student in elementary and got good grades. When he reached high school his studies dropped, and he dropped out of school when he was just 16 years old. In 1903 his father, Alios, died. Four years later, Hitler went to Vienna to study art, while he was away his mother, Klara, died. Hitlers hate for Jews and Slavs grew and became fiercely nationalistic. In 1913 he moved to Munich, Germany to become part of the Australian Army. The army found him physically unfit to be in the service. World War I began August 1914 and Hitler immediately signed for the Germany Army and was accepted. He served as a messenger and was decorated twice for bravery after two near death experiences. He was promoted to corporal. While recovering from an battle injury that caused temporary blindness, Germany surrendered to her enemies in November 1918. Hitler was angered and felt compelled to save Germany. In the Autumn of 1919, Hitler attended meetings of the Germany Workers Party. After joining the group and they decided to change their name to National Socialist German Workers. This party was soon known as the Nazi party. Hitler was chosen as the leader because he was a skillful politician and organizer. In 1923 German workers went on strike against the government. Germanys money value decreased to about nothing. Hitler proclaimed a Nazi revolution or a putch. While Hitler and 2,000 troops were protesting, the police shot into the crowd, killing 16 troops. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in jail. While Hitler was in jail he wrote the Mein Kamph which means My Struggle. The book revealed his beliefs and ideas for Germanys government and his plans on taking over Europe. He believed that Germans were superior humanity and Hitler wanted to keep Germany pure. He said Jews and Slavs were the evils of the world. In December 1924, Hitler was released after serving only nine months. The economys recovery was very slow, but now most people had work, homes, food, and hopes for the future. After the revolt, the government decided to outlaw the Nazi party. Hitler argued against the government to lift the law. The government later decided to lift the law. The depression hit Germany in 1930. Hitler spoke many speeches promising to get rid of the communists and other enemies. In 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany. There were two other Nazi in the cabinet, Goering and Wilhelm Frick. Through Wilhelm Frick leadership the Nazis had control of the police. Groering organized a big army and ordered them to shoot any enemies on any encounter. When the dictator, Hindenburg, died, Hitler became dictator and received full power of Germany. Hitler preferred the name Fuhrer und Reichskanzer meaning leader. With the Nazi party controlling Germany, Jews were ordered around frequently. In 1935 the Jews in Germany were declared to have lesser rights than any other citizens. Thousands of Jews decided to leave their homes. The Jews who stayed were forced into concentration camps and needed official permission to accept work, move, or even travel. Hitler set up organizations to train children military di scipline and loyalty to the country. The boys organizations was called Hitlers Youth. The girls organization was called Society of Germany Maidens. The kids were taught to spy on their families and report on anti-Nazi criticism. .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .postImageUrl , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:hover , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:visited , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:active { border:0!important; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:active , .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48 .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u26bbae1fccbb6aad6a1304e6aef35d48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chief and McMurphy Sample Essay Hitler began to build the army so it was ready to fight. In 1938 Hitler took over Australia and made is part of Germany. In March 1939 he took over Czechoslovakia. Later on September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland starting World War 2. Britain and France declared war two days later. Hitler took over Poland in a few weeks. By spring 1940 Hitler conquered Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, and France. In June Benito Mussolini, Italys dictator, declared war on Germany. A year later, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. The U.S. sent supplies to support the Soviet Union. Totally about 2/3 of the Jews in Europe, six million, were murde red. Hitlers victims also included Gypsies, Poles, Slavs, Jahova witnesses, priests, and ministers. People were tryig to overthrow Hitler since 1938. Hitler almost died when e found a bomb in a briefing room June 1944. In 1945 Hitler married Eva Braun. One day later Hitler and Eva both killed themselves on April 29, 1945. Seven days later Germany surrendered. In conclusion, Adolf Hitler, and an filled with an intense anger, killed millions of Jews, who in his eyes were an inferior race. Hitler desired to create a pure race, white skin, blonde hair and blue eyes. It is sad that he organized followers to destroy so many innocent lives to design what is not possible. Bibliography: Bibliography Bibliography Adolf Hitler. Microsoft Encarta 2000. 2000 Ed. Adolf Hitler. World Book. 1999 Ed. The Rise of Adolf Hitler online. Available: www.history.com/worldwr2/riseofhitler.htm 1999,Oct.21.